Analysis of The Count of Monte Cristo :: The Count of Monte Cristo Vengence Power Essays

Investigation of The Count of Monte Cristo The topic of The Count of Monte Cristo is one of retribution and absolution, force and frailty. At the point when Dantes is unjustifiably given a real existence jail sentence by his foes (Villefort, Danglars, and Fernand), he spends each waking second arranging his retribution. When Dantes wonderfully escapes and comes back to the world with wealth, he considers it to be an indication that God has opened for him the entryway of vengeance. He is not, at this point his previous self. Fourteen years in a correctional facility in a dull cell has given him a criminal’s mind. Rather than the honest, lighthearted, life-adoring kid of nineteen, Dantes is presently a solidified, critical, and doubtful man in his mid-thirties. It appears to be an opposite absolution of sorts happens in a split second as Dantes hits the water in the wake of being lost the bluff by the jail monitors. Quickly Dantes starts misleading and utilizing people around him. Never again is Dantes the obvious saint. To show that he is an alternate individual, Dumas alludes to Dantes as the Count of Monte Cristo once he comes back to society. Presently the check, presently he has foes, and messes around with those he loathes. Despite the fact that he remunerates the individuals who rewarded him and his dad well, a large portion of the story is dedicated to Monte Cristo’s want for retribution. All through the story, Dantes changes camouflages so as to bamboozle everyone around him and further his own plan of discipline for his foes. However when he sees Villefort’s dead child, a genuinely guiltless casualty, the check understands that he has gone excessively far. Just because he goes to the acknowledgment that maybe he doesn’t have the endowment of Providence, the option to rebuff others. In endeavors to accommodate these sentiments, Monte Cristo organizes the marriage among Maximilien and Valentine. From the outset he would like to rebuff himself by ending it all, however when Haydee concedes her adoration for him, the consider takes it a sign from God that he is pardoned. Examination of The Count of Monte Cristo :: The Count of Monte Cristo Vengence Power Essays Examination of The Count of Monte Cristo The subject of The Count of Monte Cristo is one of retaliation and absolution, force and frailty. At the point when Dantes is unjustifiably given a real existence jail sentence by his foes (Villefort, Danglars, and Fernand), he spends each waking second arranging his vengeance. When Dantes wonderfully escapes and comes back to the world with wealth, he considers it to be an indication that God has opened for him the entryway of vengeance. He is not, at this point his previous self. Fourteen years in a correctional facility in a dull cell has given him a criminal’s mind. Rather than the guiltless, lighthearted, life-adoring kid of nineteen, Dantes is currently a solidified, skeptical, and suspicious man in his mid-thirties. It appears to be a converse submersion of sorts happens in a flash as Dantes hits the water in the wake of being lost the bluff by the jail monitors. Quickly Dantes starts deceiving and utilizing everyone around him. Never again is Dantes the obvious saint. To show that he is an alternate individual, Dumas alludes to Dantes as the Count of Monte Cristo once he comes back to society. Presently the check, presently he has adversaries, and messes around with those he disdains. Despite the fact that he remunerates the individuals who rewarded him and his dad well, the majority of the story is committed to Monte Cristo’s want for retaliation. All through the story, Dantes changes camouflages so as to trick everyone around him and further his own plan of discipline for his foes. However when he sees Villefort’s dead child, a genuinely guiltless casualty, the tally understands that he has gone excessively far. Just because he goes to the acknowledgment that maybe he doesn’t have the endowment of Providence, the option to rebuff others. In endeavors to accommodate these emotions, Monte Cristo masterminds the marriage among Maximilien and Valentine. From the start he would like to rebuff himself by ending it all, however when Haydee concedes her adoration for him, the consider takes it a sign from God that he is pardoned.

Impact of CSR and Ethics in business performance †Sample Assignment

Question: Investigate the job of CSR and Ethics in business and its effect on business execution Basically evaluate capable techniques and practices received in the turn of events and activity of neighborliness associations Answer: Presentation Business morals is the ethical judgment of the authoritative choice about what is correct and what's up. This is the substance of right work in the hierarchical condition. Associations ought to adhere to moral guidelines in business. Utilization of business morals causes associations to make progress and to continue their development and improvement in the market. Then again, the effect of holding fast to a lot of business morals in an organization incorporates various noteworthy advantages (Afiya 2005). The moral business conduction makes an impression on the clients that, the organization from which they are purchasing items or administrations would keep their responsibilities and it would be considered as a dependable and capable association. Then again, working in a solid moral business condition, representatives additionally have a sense of security as they probably am aware they would not be exposed to any sort of deceptive exercises. Corporate social capably (CSR) are the business methods of reasoning embraced by an association, which demonstrates that, the association is maintaining their business morally and dependably. CSR arrangements in an association go about as the administrative instrument in the association to screen moral guidelines of the association and elevate the association to make some social government assistance, which is past the organizations intrigue and required by business moral laws (Jaszay and Dunk 2006). It likewise assists with upgrading the duty of the association for its corporate activity. This task would concentrate on the examination of these two tradable highlights of some chosen friendliness associations to assess their job just like a capable association. Pyramid of CSR CSR systems were presented in the time of 1950, however its prevalence in the practices was expanded numerous years after the fact. The advanced idea of the CSR exercises is embraced from Archie Carrolls Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility (Cotterill 2007). This model is pushing the business associations to effectively lead the CSR exercises and to accomplish the ideal degree of achievement. Carroll built up this pyramid in the time of 1996, however it has become the most famous model of CSR just about 20 years after the fact of the turn of events. This pyramid has four distinct levels for the various kinds of CSR applications. The initial step is about the monetary duties of an association, where the objective is to be beneficial. The subsequent advance is the legitimate duties. In this progression the associations need to concentrate on the enactments relevant in their working (Atakan and Eker 2007). The business associations or social orders must keep up the laws in the reg ion of the legitimate obligations. The third step of the pyramid is the moral duties. Around there, the business associations ought to guarantee that they are directing their business in legal manner. The last and fourth step of the pyramid is about the humanitarian obligations. In this progression, the associations must be a decent corporate resident. Significant zones of center in this progression are the social, instructive, recreational and social improvement of the ordinary citizens (Balmer, Fukukawa and Gray 2007) Use of these CSR techniques and to comprehend the potential effect of the CSR systems in the business will be seen plainly by concentrating on every one of the CSR procedures and the instances of some business associations who are utilizing these. In this reason, the CSR exercises performed by McDonalds, Subway and Nandoswill be broke down in this report. Financial Responsibilities Inside CSR exercises, financial duties are significant one. It is the above all else obligation of an organization to be dependable and it ought to be worried about the turning benefit. Cotterill (2007) contended that, before being a decent corporate resident, an organization ought to guarantee that the business is gainful. On account of McDonalds, it buys more than 80 million of 100 % Irish meat, which is utilized in the cafés in Ireland, in any case, to be supportable all inclusive, it additionally trade these nourishments to its industry across Europe (Doherty 2007). In Europe, the organization utilizes Irish hamburger in all over Europe. To be monetarily dependable the organization includes CSR exercises with respect to quality confirmation, business morals and social duty (News.mcdonalds.com 2016). McDonalds won Chamber Ireland 2010 CSR grant with the providers under Flagship Farms program, which is perceived by the ranchers providing to McDonalds. In their condition related CS R exercises, the earth cordial gracefully chain of McDonalds decidedly influences on the prompt recipients, making the organization financially capable (Paton 2007). Notwithstanding just being liable for the companys achievement, Subway additionally add to the nearby network in any get-togethers, they gives sponsorships and gifts to institutional occasions, in this way being monetarily autonomous and dependable. Tram has been led the first fresher/more advantageous crusade with F.R.E.S.H. steps activity for rising mindfulness and instruct networks against youth weight (Choi and Parsa 2006). These means improved the brand picture towards the clients and their general duty helped the organization to be beneficial all through the money related year. This affected on the network emphatically (Subway 2016). In Nandos responsibility toward financial maintainability, it has been demonstrated that the organization has been consistence with corporate social ventures. The companys social and morals advisory group has been submitted that, they are following all the necessities for the advancement of perfect franchisee foundation, they have sufficient money related assets (Clark 2006). In Nandos programs for business the executives, it has been delineated that, franchisees are credit commendable and the organization is taking the obligation of these autonomous franchisees. Despite the fact that the effects of these exercises are productive for its financial development, the organization is confronting issues with respect to practical monetary development and improvement. Nandos CSR duty incorporated the improvement of South African monetary scene and trust on Relate plan of action (Kallio 2007). Legitimate Responsibilities The legitimate duties in the organization allude to guarantee that the organization is adhering to nearby and national laws and enactments in their business. It additionally makes the organization legitimately capable and help to manufacture reliable clients. McDonalds has been confronting various claims for the most part for trademark debates (Detwiler 2005). Be that as it may, the organization is giving representatives rights and adhering to norms of business lead in universal market. In New York claim against McDonalds has been guaranteed for the corpulence related medical problems of some childrens for which the organization was professed to be redress. The organization for longer period held the way that, they were not liable for the treatment of their workers in excess of 14000 eateries possessed by franchisees (Kallio 2007). The lawful issues and debates had a strong effect on the organization notoriety. McDonalds reports in UK uncovered that laborers are paying less wages and the organization has been accounted for to utilize hereditarily altered food, which are deceptive practices. The effect on the organization included loss of laborers and diminished brand picture (Doherty 2007). On account of Subway, in the association all the exercises are finished by adhering to rules and guidelines. Jones, Comfort and Hillier (2006) announced that, Subway Group keeps up their total title and protected innovation rights to their different materials. The organization follows exacting codes of behaviors, penetrating these shows huge remuneration. On account of Nando, the branches are likewise claimed by the franchisees and the organization took their liabilities. The organization has been focused on the association with Relate Inc, which upgraded the lawful open doors for business creation, abilities advancement. The legitimate and moral tasks of the organization has been decidedly influenced their development (Kallio 2007). Moral Responsibilities 1. Moral Responsibilities According to the perspective of Atakan and Eker (2007), moral obligation of an organization in business is the duty or the obligation to follow some virtues and right ways to carry on the business work. In this way, it very well may be effortlessly said that all the business has some moral obligations towards the clients and the general public also. The organization, McDonald has an away from of morals that generally administers the matter of the organization and the organization is completely dedicated to that and follows legitimate execution of the moral codes. The code of morals in the organization centers around the part that the café heads are evaluated intermittently by the interior and outside instrument and they are submit to the norms of business lead. It has been seen that the code of morals of this organization is submitted towards settling any private just as open clash that may happen in economy, governmental issues, social, natural and budgetary positions in the working territories of MacDonald (Jones, Comfort and Hillier 2006). It has been discovered that the vision of Subway is to make the eateries alongside the tasks as naturally and morally capable as could be expected under the circumstances. The organization has consistently gives their best to convey a shot the business so that leave a positive effect on the general public. The center accept of the organization is to utilize acceptable and naturally accommodating strategic approaches, as this will in general increment business benefit, improve client feasting experience and in particular assistance to secure the earth (Kasim 2006). One of the major moral obligations of Nandos is to give appropriate preparing to the employe

7 Steps to Developing Good Habits How to Form Good Habits Now!

7 Steps to Developing Good Habits How to Form Good Habits Now! Last Updated on December 4, 2019Do you aim at becoming a more productive person? Develop good habits! It’s the perfect recipe for achieving this and other related objectives that come with it.Human beings are true creatures of habit and we usually get used to doing the same things daily. Moving away from that feels like leaving our comfort zone. The issue is that some of those habits we follow are bad ones. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Changing and/or stopping old and bad habits might seem tough at first sight and it does involve some sacrifices from you but (and you know it) it’s something that really has to be done. Im a big fan of habit manipulation to help myself in life, one of my favorite books to help my blogging is even about how to form good habits.To help you become more productive, we’ve devised this list (in a much more appealing visual form) of seven steps you could follow every day.7 Steps to Developing Good HabitsShare this image so others can start developing habits the right way!centerstrongInfographic courtesy of a href=https://startbloggingonline.com/StartBloggingOnline.com/a/strong/p pa href=https://startbloggingonline.com/steps-to-developing-good-habits/img src=https://startbloggingonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/7-steps-to-developing-good-habits-e1567333562589.png alt=7 steps to developing good habits width=600 border=0 //a/center

Examining Change In Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2962 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) is the largest telecommunication service provider in Pakistan. It has 30,000 employees and 5.7 million customers. PTCL is the leading Infrastructure Provider to the other telecom operators and corporate customer of Pakistan. PTCL provides a variety of up-to-date home user, corporate and wholesale communication services e.g. telephone, internet, television, video conferencing etc in every part of Pakistan. Geographically the company is divided into: Headquarters, North, South, Central, and West Zones and functionally in Commercial, HR Admin, Corporate Development, Finance, Operations, Technical departments. On 16th august 2010 PTCL employees went on strike against management for not increasing their salaries in accordance with the government decision in 2008.which badly effects PTCL customers, as the whole network was running at its own with no maintenance and operation at all. As a result its after sale and support services for voice, IPTV, DSL, broadband, Wireless Internet and Dial-up became poor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining Change In Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited" essay for you Create order The major loss is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa due to floods, also the rehabilitation works has not started there due to damaged system, including workers strike. On September 7th, 2010 strike has softened and Salaries and Bonuses were transferred to employees In 2006 a new shift in the ownership of the company has been taken place. Emirates Telecommunication Corporation, a Dubai based Telecom Company commonly known as Etisalat, assumed management control of PTCL as 26% Management Share of largest telecommunication company limited (PTCL) been sold out for some about US$ 2.6 billion. Emirate Telecommunication Company Etisalat Founded on August 30, 1976, the Emirates telecommunications Corporation-Eitsalat-provides telecommunication services to the United Arab Emirates, and is one of the leading service providers in the Middle East. Eitsalat is embracing new technologies, new philosophies and new ways of doing business. Eitsalat was one of the first to introduce mobile telephones in the Middle East in 1982 and launched the GSM Service in September 1994.Mr. Obaid the Chief Executive officer, Eitsalat says that the new Management will take steps for improving quality, reorganization and extension of PTCL service to more areas; he further added that technical staff might be sent to Africa and other countries after imparting additional training to them. Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Eitsalat) was the highest bidder for the acquisition of a 26 per cent stake in Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Limited (PTCL). This latest win reflects the determination of Etisalat to strengthen its position as t he leading telecommunications company in the region. The acquisition of 26 per cent of PTCL provides Eitsalat International access to the management of the company and a pool of experienced professionals. Subsidiary of PTCL PTCL is the exclusive provider of basic telephony in Pakistan .Besides providing fixed line, value added and other ancillary services, PTCL owns subsidiary that provides cellular services. Since its transformation from a public sector corporation into a publicly listed corporate entity in 1996, PTCL has implemented an aggressive restructuring program, the primary aim of which is to improve profitability through increased customer focus and efficiency and to prepare the company for the highly competitive environment UFONE The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001.being a part of PTCL the management of Ufone has also been handed over to Etisalat after privatization. During the year July 2005 to June 2006, Ufone keep on getting success. As a result The Company expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways.Ufone has network coverage in more than 4745 locations and in most part of the country. Ufone successfully completed the network expansion amounted to more than US Dollar 170 million which results in increase in the asset base of the Company from Rs. 20 billion to Rs.27billion.Ufone currently caters for International Roaming to more than 230 live operators in more than 130 countries and introduced International roaming facility for Prepaid subscribers in Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Portugal, Thailand, Cyprus, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Sri Lanka, Belgium and Kuwait with lowest rates, fea turing no security deposit and activation charges. GPRS Roaming facility is available with more than 115 Live Operators across 85 countries. The company also got a new License for providing cellular services in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Northern Areas. Company Background History of Telecommunication In Pakistan Posts Telegraph Department (PT) was established in 1947 and Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department (TT) in 1962.The history of telecommunication in the Sub-Continent is as old as the history of our slavery. In the subcontinent, before Independence this sector was under the Indian Post Telegraph Department and developed as a successful industry. The role of telecommunication in Pakistan can be broadly divided into four phases. Pakistan Post Telegraph (PT) This department started its telephone service with only 12346 telephone lines and seven telegraph offices all over Pakistan. All the telephone system at that time was manual. This department worked up to 1962. At the time of independence the postal and telecommunication services were performed by a single department known as Pakistan Post Telegraph (PT). The Government of Pakistan adopted the Government of India Telegraph act 1885 to control and direct the activities of telecommunication. Pakistan Telephone Telegraph (TT) Pakistan Post and Pakistan Telephone Telegraph (PTT) under the presidential ordinance was the first step towards reforms in the telecommunication sector. It was made in 1962, when the Ayub Khans government decided to split up the PT department into two separate departments. Director General headed this department. DG has the decision making power, while the responsibilities were delegated to General Managers and Chief Engineers throughout the organization. The PTT were in fact a civil service department under the ministerial control. The PTT organizational structure had 20 Chief Engineers and General Managers reporting directly to the Director General. At the time of inception of PTC the total number of employees working in PTT was 45686 and the total network comprised of 922,000 telephone lines Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) A major breakthrough in the history of telecommunication in the country occurred with the gradual deregulation and privatization of TT. At the first stage Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department (TT) was converted into a statutory corporation Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation. On December 15, 1990 the PTT department was transformed into Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation with a legal identity separate from the Government. With Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Ordinance 1991 government open the way for private competition and start awarding licenses for cellular phone and card operated pay phones. With this liberalization 1991 government of Pakistan decided to privatized PTC and use voucher method in 1994 for privatization that later were convertible to shares, total number of voucher was six million that were equal to 600 million shares at the rate Rs. 10 per share. The telecom sector was liberalized but PTCL was still the monopolist of the land line telephone service s. In 1996 Pakistan Telecommunication Company was formed and declared the monopoly for the basic telephony of the country with Pakistan Telecommunication (reorganization) Act 1996(Choudhary, et al., 2008) Four Bodies of PTCL Under the PTC Reorganization Act, 1996 the telecommunication sectors was split into four entities. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) National Telecommunication Corporation(NTC) Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) PTCL was established with a view to undertake the telecommunication business formally carried in Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) was transformed into Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) on January 1, 1996 under Pakistan Telecommunication Reorganization Act, 1996 according to which PTCL took over all the properties, assets, rights and obligations of PTC. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) is a regulatory body responsible for monitoring the telecommunication business in Pakistan. It frames rules and regulations for private telecom companies such as Mobile Phone Companies, Internet service providers, paging companies and pay card phone companies. Moreover, issues licenses to the new companies entering into this business. National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) is responsible to provide the telecommunication services to the various departments of government and armed services. Frequency Allocation Board Allocates radio frequency spectrum to the Government, providers of telecommunication services, radio and television broadcasting operators, public and private wireless operators and others. Privatization In December 1990 Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation was established to replace the Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department. In 1991 government of Pakistan showed its intention for the privatization of PTC for economic growth of country A consortium was hired for this purpose and as a result of his report government decided to sell out 26 % share capita along with management rights and converted it to limited company (PTCL, Internal Report). According to the privatization session of 1991-1992 12% share of Pakistan Telecommunication have been divested during 1994(Choudhary, et al., 2008; Kemal, 1999). One million exchangeable vouchers have been issued in august 1994. These issues were equal to 100 million shares and each has a value of Rs 10. In September 1994 five million vouchers have been issued to international investors. The value of these issues were $900 million from international and Rs.3 billion from domestic issue while the values of the voucher in first and second issues were Rs.3000 and 5500 respectively. the issues of 26 % management share was still a controversy, the Government continued its mission by issuing Notes with 150 million US dollar worth to international investor in 1997. The Notes were convertible to fully paid A class ordinary shares of PTCL and these were 3.3 % of the total share capital issued. In august 1997 foreign receivable has been securitized successfully obtaining 250 million US dollar to GOP. In 1995 a new financial advisor was hired by Privatization commission for the implementation of strategic sale (26% management shares) but the new governments suspended the services of the financial advisor (Deutsche Morgan Grenfell), and in 1998 hire the M/S Goldman Sachs International to provide advisory services on PTCL privatization (PTCL, Internal Report).The Financial Advisor (Goldman Sachs International) has start working and established a data room at the head quarter of PTCL where all possible information that is related to PTCL were available to facilitate the team. Government approved the proposed policy and decided to complete the Re-regulation by December 2003, major steps has been taken on legal and regulatory measures, PTA granted license to PTML (Ufone) and proposed DSI regulation for tariff and licensing has also been accepted (PTCL, Internal Report). At last in April 2006 control of the Pakistan Telecommunication corporation was handed over to Etisalat(UAE based company), Etisalat assume the control of the company by paying 2.6 billion US dollar to buy 26% share with management right in PTCL. With the control of PTCL Etisalat also assume the control of Ufone, one the top class mobile service provider subsidiary of PTCL (PTCL subsidiary) PTCL also signed a contract with Emaar to provide information and telecommunication technology services to household in Karachi and Islamabad. After this agreement PTCL is the only services provider that offer ICT to two big project of Emaar Pakistan, every household and office will be connected through fiber optics (PTCL, PTCL signed contract with Emaar). Impact on Competition The Re-regulation in telecom sector has positive effects; people now have more Choices and easy access to value added services at cheaper prices. The intensive competition in all parts of telecom sector has momentous decrease in the tariffs of different telecom services. With the privatization and Re-regulation of PTCL many Competitors have entered in Pakistani market. Paktel and Instaphone were entered in Pakistan telecom industry in 1990 and in 1994 Mobilink started its function. In 2001, Ufone, a supplementary part of PTCL entered in the market and in 2005 both Warid and Telenor one by one started their services (uz Zaman, et al.) From the year 2000 there is tremendous increase in the cellular users. Mobilink is the largest cellular company with the highest number of users, compare to Ufone. Currently 79% population in Punjab has mobile phones, 75% in Sindh, 34% in Baluchistan, 63% in N.W.F.P. and overall 73.3% of population in Pakistan enjoying this facility (uz Zaman, et al.).Zong (previously Paktel) has great share in the cellular market. Latest data from PTA shows that Telenor rise to number two and Warid telecom is becoming more popular and capturing market share with the high pace as compare to other traditional rivals. Within 4 year of time Telenor has reached to the second largest cellular mobile company after Mobilink with subscribers of approx.19 million (PTA, Cellular subscriber). With the arrival of competitors there is decreasing trend in PTCL landline and WLL subscribers. In 2000 there were 3.05 million fixed line subscribers and till 2005 there is increasing trend in the fixed line subscribers (5 million fixed line subscribers), but after the year 2005 and with the entrance of competitors its fixed land line subscribers decrease and reached at 3.58 million. This is not just PTCL whose subscribers decrease but also Instaphone and Paktel who lost their market. Instaphone is currently operating with bellow 1% market share in some backward area and Paktel was coming down and down when Zong overtake and buy the company (PTA, fixed line subscribers). This was just due to obsolete technology. A great number of local and foreign companies are competing in Pakistan It includes both fixed line (wired and WLL) and cellular. Although current operator still has monopoly position in fixed line due to its strong infrastructure, yet major competition has been emerged in Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and this market is directing towards full competition with the entrance of some financially strong companies. The Value-added services market, including Internet and Pay Card phones, is already in full competition (Shahid, Shou-lian, Liu). The raise in the number of telecom service subscribers can be linked with the convenience of service and with the growth in the teledensity. Expansion of fixed line subscribers (200,000- 300,000)/year were projected on the bases of construction of new residential dwelling units, new shops for small businesses and registration of new businesses with the Corporate Law Authority (Choudhary, et al., 2008). The subscriber growth and teledensity rate was insufficient before PTC era. Switching TT into PTC and then to PTCL helped the fixed network development, and increase in teledensity. With the introduction of Competition in fixed and mobile line has major impact on the users and the teledensity. The projection by Choudhary, et.al. pointed towards the teledensity which was continue to increase for the next 10 years and will reach to its peak up to 2018. At the same time, the growth in internet, WLL technologies broadband and investment in telecommunication sector will also increase with t he slow pace for the next 10 years. (Choudhary, et al., 2008).But the figure available on PTA website shows that there is a decline in the fixed line services from 2006 to 2009. This is just in wired line connection but the wireless local loop has an increasing trend in its teledensity and also subscribers. Source: PTA, Fixed line Subscriber Financial Aspects of PTCL PTCL was one of the Pakistan profits earning Telecom Company. After getting Privatized PTCL is losing its base as its subscription declined from 5.12 million to 4.40 million in 2008.While the revenue declined from Rupees 69085 million in 2006 to RS. 61,085 million in 2008. Similarly the Profit after tax in 2006 was some about Rs. 20777 million while in 2008 there is a loss of Rs. 2825 million. The financial statement shows a continuous growth till 2006 while after privatization the company is facing severe financial shortcomings (PTCL limited). In the last few years the impact of Re-regulation and increase of competition in the telecommunication industry of Pakistan has been increasingly mounting pressure on PTCL. PTCL has launched its profit of Rs. 15.64 billion for the period of 2007 compare to last year profit of 20.78 billion. The decreasing trend in the profit was due to the structural change brought by the competitors in the telecom market. PTCL remain leader in fixed line, however there was decrease in revenue by 5.5% due to huge entry of different telecom companies in the market. There was increase in operation expenses by 11.7% mostly due to systematic developments in the operations and customer service and provisions for doubtful debts. The total revenue for the financial year 2006-07 was Rs.65.28 billion against the previous year revenue of 69.09 billion. The main reasons for the reductions in the revenue are reductions in tariffs and heavy competition in the market. (PTCL, Annual Report 2007) To succeed in this highly competitive telecom market and to meet the increasing challenges, PTCL has taken certain necessary steps for organizational revolution. These steps include Enterprise Resource Planning Packages, introduction implementation of Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS), as well as penetrating new innovated services. However, the profitability of the Company for the year ended June 30, 2008 suffered due to amalgamation of a massive VSS cost amounting to Rs. 23.94 billion. Because of these steps company bears a net loss of Rs. 2.82 billion against previous years net profit of Rs. 15.64 billion. As discussed above the decreasing trend the subscriber and the ultimate affect on the revenue is not just for PTCL but also for two other companies who have the largest share in the cellular market (PTCL, Annual Report 2008). Another reason for the decrease in the revenue is the decrease in the tariff, there is huge decrease in the international tariff from Rs.26/per minute to Rs. 2/per minute so it ultimately affect the revenue.The total revenue for financial year 2007-08 was Rs. 61.09 billion compares to previous year revenue of Rs. 65.28 billion. The decreasing trend in the revenue was due to huge penetration by mobile business and tight market competition. Due to improved operational controls, the Company managed to reduce its operating costs to Rs. 44.7 billion as compared to Rs. 46.6 billion in 2007. The non-operational income of the company is also affected by the huge outflow of the financial reserves in the shape of VSS (Voluntary Separation Scheme). But the implementation of VSS scheme can help the company to understand certain savings in the last quarter against allowances and salaries. (PTCL, Annual Report, year ended June 30, 2008). Source: PTCL, Annual Report, year ended June 30, 2008

Censorship Of The United States - 1470 Words

Jeffrey Corpstein English 270 Research paper Censorship This paper will cover censorship in film with its main focus in the United States. It will cover the progress of film censorship and how it has varied throughout the country as well as state to state. The reader will discover how film censorship has changed with society and can be a resemblance of society at a certain point in time. Important cases and lawsuits will be covered as well, enabling the reader to understand why and how certain laws were created and questioned. The first acknowledgment of regulating film arrived in 1896 after Thomas Edison’s landmark film, The Kiss. Critics of this film saw it as a threat to morality, thus raising questions on what should or should not be shown to the public. Shortly after concern over The Kiss, the first statute in movie censorship was enacted. The State of Maine implemented the statute in order to prevent the exhibition prizefight of the 1897 heavyweight championship between James Corbett and Bob Fitzsimmons. This opened the door for other organizations and states to regulate on their own terms. Although most scholars regard the 1907 ordinance of the City of Chicago as the first act of censorship in the United States, but as state above, the prevention of prizefighting in Maine is now regarded as the first act of censorship. Nevertheless, the 1907 ordinance of the City of Chicago was groundbreaking for film censorship. This ordinance made it illegal to show anyShow MoreRelated Censorship in th e United States Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship on Television Censorship on television in the United States has been an issue ever since the television was invented. The public holds a variety of stances on the topic, and no matter what law is ever passed regarding censorship, it will never suit the needs of everyone. 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Background And Organizational Culture Of Vds Nsw - 2085 Words

In order to compete the first assessment for Communication Practice Project, which requires an investigation of a different aspect of the context of a group/organization, and identify a communication issue related to the theme of community, the organization Vietnamese Dynamic Students in New South Wales (VDS-NSW) has been chosen to examine. The president of the VDS has been interviewed to explore thoroughly VDS’s structure, activities and problems. This paper will assess the background and organizational culture of VDS-NSW and highlight the community engagement issue the organization is facing. 1. Background and description of VDS-NSW: Established in 1997, Vietnamese Dynamic Student organisation (VDS) is a non-profit and student-run organisation. VDS target is to support and provide benefits for the community of Vietnamese overseas students and alumni in New South Wales, Australia. The main aim of VDS activities is to achieve more partnership, understanding and cooperation between wider communities in Australia and Vietnam. As a part of Vietnamese community in Australia, VDS intends to serve Vietnamese overseas students and alumni in NSW as well as the Vietnamese and Australian communities. VDS attempts to build an organisation with unity and creativity of members and volunteers to supports Vietnamese overseas students and alumni community who are studying and thriving in Australia and are making positive contributions to Vietnam. Over the years, VDS has been seen as a

Social Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal Community. Answer: Social Determinants of Health in the Aboriginal Community of Australia The WHO defines social determinants of health as the conditions in which people are born in, grow, work, live and get old. They include the forces and systems shaping the conditions of life that people face(WHO, 2017). The conditions are linked to economic and social situations and the way they are distributed within the community. McMurray Clendon (2015) suggests that such factors affect access and utilization of health patterns by promoting or restraining the efforts of the individual. The Aboriginal community of Australia is one of the marginalized communities that have been exposed to conditions of life for a very long time. This report analyses five social determinants of health; education, employment, environment, housing and child development to determine the way they affect health patterns of the Aboriginal community in Australia. Education is an important social determinant of health since its attainment influences health throughout the life-span of the individual. The higher the education, the better the level of access to health and other social needs like job, income and sense of control(Baxter Hand, 2013). Further, in healthcare, health literacy determines how people interpret their health situations thus leading them to develop the sick role that allows them seek medication. The Aboriginal group of Australia reports higher school dropout than any other group in Australia. This process limits their life opportunities to access jobs that can increase income levels and allow easy access to healthcare. Most people in the population have low literacy levels that limits their interpretation of the environment around them and understanding the importance of developing and leading healthy lifestyle patterns. Apart from access to life resources that can improve access to health, Kolahdooz, Nader, Yi, Sharma (2015) argues that education in itself is a learning process that allows people to develop surveillance attitudes that keep them informed of the life around them. Significant gaps reported in the Aboriginal community as compared to the non-aboriginal community create barriers for their access and limit their ability to access healthcare. Since education is directly linked to healthcare, then the more the population stays less educated, the lesser their access to proper health patterns. The community remains less informed and their ability to interact with health providers and access full range of services becomes limited. Employment leads to increased income that creates more health-seeking opportunities, improves living standards, emotional abilities and social wellbeing of the individual. One factor that limits access to health is lack of income or resources to meet health-related needs. Since health is not free, people have to use their resources to access health(Cooklin, L., Strazdins, Nicholos, 2011). The Aboriginal community has low employment opportunities standing at an average of 15% since most of them lack tertiary education (Australian Bureau of Statitics, 2017). Since the community has lower education levels, then the percentage of those who are employed is low thus limiting the communitys ability to access and afford healthcare. Employment may also lead to access to other health-related factors like, food and living conditions that may shape the overall health of the individual. The aboriginals live in poor conditions that may affect their health. Housing creates conditions that promote or inhibit health in different ways. These conditions contribute to the physical health of the individual since they create conditions that shape the health of the individual. (Bailie, Mcdonald, Stevens, Guthridge, Brewster, 2011)Poor housing conditions like overcrowding, dampness, and indoor pollutants can lead to physical illnesses like typhoid, diarrhea, and respiratory diseases. Most aboriginal in the country live in inappropriate housing conditions and other private spaces since they lack affordability to good dwellings since appropriate housing is difficult to afford with only 6.7% of the group affording better housing. Most of their hoses require major repairs to make them conducive for stay (Australian Bureau of Statitics, 2017). Further, the government has done little effort to improve the conditions within the locality that such people stay thus creating more hazards to them. The environment has complex effects on the health of the individual. Since this defines places where people stay and the factors that define them. Then, the environment exposes the individual to physical, chemical, social, and biological hazards that affect their health(Bambra, Gibson, Sowden, Wright, Whitehead, 2010). Such factors shape exposure to conditions that may harm the individual or make them sick. Lack of education exposes people to ignorant lifestyles that create a harmful environment while lack of income reduces their ability to afford required standards of living thus exposing them to different types of hazards that are defined by the environment that people dwell in. The Aboriginals are faced with this problem since they cannot afford better dwellings thus live in an environment that is full of hazards that affect their life. Early childhood development of children follows the social gradient that they are brought up in. Socio-economic factors produce inequalities among children in access to opportunities that may shape their current and future health patterns. Further, socio-cultural conditions that children are brought up determine their health patterns based on the daily conditions and individual health-related behaviors that they are exposed to(Bauman, 2011). Aboriginal children are raised by uninformed parents who may expose them to poor health conditions thus exposing them to environmental hazardous that define their dwellings. Such children may grow up with some health challenges due to limited access to resources. Such inequalities affect the overall health of the child thus creating poor health outcomes. Social determinants of health are defined by different conditions that people stay in. such conditions shape their behaviors and may control their health seeking patterns due to lack of resources. The Aboriginal people of Australia are affected with these determinants because they lag behind all the factors that shape health. The government can intervene to improve the conditions through affirmative action thus reducing the barriers that define the determinants that they face and making their life better. Social determinants define health through increasing or limiting opportunities. References Australian Bureau of Statitics(2017). Health. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statitics: https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home%5CTopics+@+a+Glance Bailie R.S., Mcdonald, E., Stevens, M., Guthridge, S., Brewster, D. (2011). Evaluation of an Australian indigenous housing programme: community level impact on crowding, infrastructure function and hygiene. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 432-437. Bambra, C., Gibson, M., Sowden, A., Wright, K., Whitehead. (2010). Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64, 284-291. Bauman, Z. (2011). Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Baxter, J., Hand, K. (2013). Access to early childhood education in Australia . Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Cooklin, A., L., C., Strazdins, L., Nicholos, J. (2011). Employment conditions and maternal postpartum mental health: results from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 14, 217-225. Kolahdooz, F., Nader, F., Yi, K. J., Sharma, S. (2015). Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions. Global Health Action, 8(10). McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2015). Community Health and Wellness: Primary Health Care in Practice. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone. WHO. (2017). Social determinants of health. WHO.

Change Management

Breast Feeding Program Essays

Breast Feeding Program Essays Breast Feeding Program Essay Breast Feeding Program Essay Essay Topic: East Of Eden CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The nurse has become fully aware that breastfeeding, one of the major issues in child care today, is generally considered the best milk for infants. How, breastfeeding mothers have decreased so much that the campaign for breastfeeding as a key element is increasingly implemented here in the Philippines by the Department of Health and worldwide by the World Health Organization (WHO) to contribute to the achievement of health for all by the year 2000 through Primary Health Care. The breastfeeding program embarked by the Department of Health is actively implemented all over the country, from north to south. Researches now and then are being done by Filipino pediatricians, public health workers, nutritionist and nurses and other interested researchers. these studies have motivated planners and implementers alike to focus their attention to the status of the breastfeeding program, particularly on the degree of compliance or acceptance of the program among Filipino families and clientele. Considering that the public awareness of the advantages of breastfeeding is very high while its degree of compliance is low, the nurse researcher specifically desires to investigate possible reasons behind this current situation which negates the goal of Executive Order (E. O. ) No. 51 or the Local Milk code. Conceptual Framework Breastfeeding as applied in human nutrition is a process of feeding a newborn milk directly from the breast of the mother whose milk provides all the nutrients a human baby needs including substances that promote growth and help fight infection. Breastfeeding among humans has certain important advantages which are the following: a) provision of significant protective components against chronic diseases such as allergies and asthma; b. anti-infection components against meningitis, diarrhea, ear infections and pneumonia; c. reduction of maternal risk of developing ovarian cancer, pre-menopausal breast cancer, osteoporosis and hip fractures in later life; d. development of mother-infant bonding; e. evelopment of maternal nurturing behaviors; and, f. development of trust of the infant. Any breastfeeding program aims for the attainment of a realization of the aforementioned benefits. The assessment of the success of the breastfeeding program after delivery is based on the attainment of these benefits for both the mother and the child. Department of Health’s Breastfeeding Program implements due to the following factors: 1. poor orientation of nurses to their roles in the Breastfeeding (BF) program, . incompetence of nurses as health educators on breastfeeding caused by lack of content, ineffective strategies, lack of planning and poor evaluation and follow-up by nurses; 3. lack of cooperation of clients due to family’s lack of support to breastfeeding, clients’ low awareness level, negative influence of mass media, absence or lack of administrative support of the BF program, and absence or lack of community linkage as well as support of the BF program and professional nurses. All the above factors brought about the failure of the BF program resulting to the low level of child health status. They are various positive factors that bring about the high degree of compliance to the Department of Health Breastfeeding program. These are the following: 1. high level nurses’ awareness of their roles in the Breastfeeding (BF) program, 2. nurses’ competence as health educators on BF program evidenced by the adequacy of content, effective strategies, good planning, good evaluation and follow-up of health education activities by nurses, . full cooperation of clients as evidenced by their full support to the BF program, high level of awareness, and positive mass media influence, 4. adequate and strong administrative support to the BF program, and, 5. strong community linkage / support to the BF program and professional nurses. The success of the Breast Feeding Program will surely be assured if all the above factors are present. The end goal of high level wellness / status of children will eventually be attained through breastfeeding. The ultimate goals of the Breastfeeding program which are the positive outcomes of the high degree of clients’ compliance, which are closer mother-child bonding / healthy babies / children / families and eventually, a strong, healthy community. Figure 1, show the interrelationship of how this study is being conducted. In Input – it presents the variable needed to be utilized to assess the breast feeding program of mother after delivery as implemented by selected non uniformed police and police officer nurses in Philippine National Police general Hospital. The following questions going to investigate as: (1) Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: category, age, gender, civil status, religion, ethnic origin, educational attainment and length of service in the hospital, (2) At what is the extent is the degree of breastfeeding compliance with regards to: rooming in procedure, feeding technique, mini banking, information, education, communication, training and prohibition observed? (3) How did nurses rate the factors influencing the degree of compliance of clients in this program in terms of the following: personnel and administrative supports, (4) What are the activities of the nurses with regards to breast feeding policy, and (5) Is there a significant difference between the breast feeding compliance and its implementations as implemented by non uniformed police and police officer nurses of the Philippine National Police General Hospital. Throughput in the next box presents the description of the respondents in terms of demographic profile, survey questionnaire, statistical treatment, presentation and its analysis that makes all data gathered interpreted. Output, the last box also shown the projecting outcomes as to improve the present practice of the non uniformed and uniformed police officer nurses in the Philippine National Police General Hospital Input Throughput Output Figure 1 Paradigm of the Study Statement of the Problem This research aims to assess the implementation of breast feeding program as implemented by the non uniformed police and uniformed police officer ob gyne and nursery nurses in Philippine National Police General Hospital. Specifically it sought to answer the following: 1. What if the profile of respondents in terms of: category, age, gender, civil status, religion, ethnic origin, educational attainment, and length of hospital experiences? 2. At what extent is the degree of breast feeding compliance with regard to: rooming in procedure, eeding technique, mini-milk banking, information, education, communication training, and prohibition observed? 3. How did nurses rate the factors influencing the degree of compliance of clients in this program in terms of the following: 3. 1personnel, 3. 2Administrative supports, and 4. What are the activities of nurses in breast feeding program? 5. Is there a significant difference between the breast feeding compliance as imple mented by non uniformed police and uniformed police officer nurses of Philippine National Police General Hospital? Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the breast feeding compliance as implemented by non uniform police and uniformed police officer nurses of Philippine National Police General Hospital. Scope of the Study The study will attempt to investigate the degree of compliance to the Breastfeeding Program after delivery of admitted clientele in Philippine National Police General Hospital as evaluated by the non uniformed police and uniformed police officer nurses based on the requirements and standards of the Department of Health (DOH). Based on the established degree of compliance, the researchers will further delve into finding out specific factors that contribute to the present situation being observed. The investigation of factors related o compliance to the program will then be followed by an analysis by the researcher to find what particular factors favor or not favor compliance. The nursing aspect of the program will be particularly further observed. The professional nurses’ role in the program of the Department of Health (DOH) will be given much attention among the various factors to be considered in the study. The researcher will utilize a pre-tested checklist evaluative tool specifically prepared and based on the standard requirements of the DOH Breastfeeding Program. Limitation of the Study The respondents will be a ten (10) non uniformed and ten (10) uniformed officer ob gyne and neonatal intensive care unit nurses from Philippine National Police General Hospital, recognized by the Department of Health (DOH) as baby-friendly. These respondent nurses in all levels must be particularly assigned in obstetrical departments of this hospital. The checklist forms will be properly administered to ensure high retrieval percentage. Significance of the Study The findings of this study will be highly significant to the following: 1. The supervisors of these staff nurses who will provide continuing education on breastfeeding. 2. The nursing service administrators who will give more emphasis on breastfeeding program in their planning of nursing services to be provided in their respective hospitals. 3. The nursing educators, all levels, to strengthen their content and strategies in teaching breastfeeding as a nursing intervention to nursing students. . The health program planners and implementers to always base their services on results of the studies on breastfeeding by nurse practitioner. 5. The general public who will appreciate more the role of professional nurses in the success of the Breastfeeding Program. Definition of terms To provide more clarity and effect common understanding the following terms are defined: Baby-Friend ly Hospital. Refers to any health institution where there is an environment created to increase the infant’s chances of survival like rooming-in and breastfeeding measures. Breastfeeding. Is a natural process and the best process of providing nutrition after birth p to six (6) months when the baby sucks or feeds straight from the mother’s lactating breasts aided by the mother’s let-down reflect (LDR) which results in milk supply for the baby. Breastmilk. Is the human milk secretion normally produced by a lactating mother found to be rich in defense factors, hypoallergenic and convenient to use for infant nutrition. Breastmilk Substitutes. Means any food being marketed or otherwise represented as a partial or total replacement for breastmilk, whether or not suitable for that purpose. Clientele. Refers to lactating mothers who are confined in five (5) Metro Manila hospitals under study. Compliance. Means the degree of voluntary acceptance and use of the breastfeeding technology by intended post-partum and nursing clientele who are partners in health care and involve themselves in decision-making as active participants in health care of themselves and their newborns. Degree of Compliance of Breast Feeding. Refers to the client compliance of the breast feeding as implemented by the non uniformed police nurses and uniformed police officer nurses in Philippine National Police General Hospital in reference with the Executive Order 51 known as Local Milk Code. Department of Health (DOH). Refers to the Department of Health which by virtue of Executive Order E. O. 119 of 1987 is charged with the responsibility of protecting the health of all Filipinos through prevention of diseases, promotion of health and longevity, treatment of illnesses as well as rehabilitation through its health, environmental and related services and program. Expressed Breastmilk (EBM). Refers to milk expressed from a lactating mother, either mammally or with the aid of a breastfeeding. Health Care System. Means governmental, non-governmental or private institutions engaged directly or indirectly in health care for mothers, infants and pregnant mothers, including those in private practice. Low Birth Weight (LBW). Refers to babies with birth weight of less than 2,500 grams. Milk Code. Refers to the international and/or local milk code as in: a. International Milk Code by the World Health Organization of 1981 – deliberated upon by member nations, supporting breastfeeding from birth to six (6) months of life before breastmilk substitutes are served. b. Executive Order (E. O. 51) – the local milk code signed in 1988 by President Corazon C. Aquino entitled â€Å"Adopting a National Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Breastfeed supplements and Related Products Penalizing Violations thereof, and for other purposes. Primary Health Care. Refers to the currently applied health as well as global development strategy described as accessible, available, essentials at a cost that the country can afford to provide and maintain in order to attain the global goal of health for all in Year 2000. Rooming-in. Refers to the practice of placing the newborn in the same room with the mother right after delivery up to discharge to facilitate mother-infant bonding and to initiate breastfeeding. Rooming-in Plan. The system where the baby in his crib remains at the mother’s bedside for the greater part in a day and both mother and baby are treated as one unit. As an excellent educational approach, it affords both psychological and physical advantages for both as well as the father right after birth. Specifically the breastfeed baby because of proximity will avail of prompt provision of milk (breastmilk), influencing positive temperament of the child and fostering more satisfying mother-child relationship and stronger family unit. Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW). Refers to infants with birth weight of less than 1,500 grams. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter discusses related studies and reading both from local and foreign literature which directly provide basis for this study. It will serve as a rich source of informative facts for the researcher to utilize in the various parts of the study. Foreign Literature As early as 1980 at the thirty-third World Health Assembly â€Å"infant and young child feeding† was extensively reviewed and discussed by the delegates. Based on these wholesome discussions, the World Health Director-General per request of the delegates prepared† as International Code of Marketing of breastmilk substitutes in close consultation with member states and with other parties concerned. The International Code supports breastfeeding from birth to six (6) months of the infant’s life and after which complementary foods or breast milk substitutes can be served. These foods are also called weaning foods. The international code major purpose is to attribute to improved infant and child nutrition and health. It was considered during the WHO deliberations that the Code’s implementation by the member states must be closely monitored according to WHO’s constitutional procedures and for the assembly to take any measures for the code’s effective application. Member states were then mandated to make full use of their organization – at global, regional and country levels by requesting its technica l support in preparation of national legislation, regulation or other appropriate measures and in the monitoring of the application of the code. The Philippines’ answer to the above international code of marketing of breastmilk substitutes is the Executive Order (EO), 51 sign by President Corazon C. Aquino. This local milk code is being vigorously implemented at the community level through the integration of the Breastfeeding Program in the various Maternal and Child Health Program of the Department of Health. Steve (2002), Chicago (USA) study of 83 children revealed that breastfed children were both physically and mentally superior to those who were bottle-fed. The interpretation here is based in favor of the infant stimulation than that of the nutritional value. Hill (2001) pointed out â€Å"that LBW and VLBW infants present a special challenge for the nursing staff in establishing and maintaining optimal breastfeeding experience†. Factors important for the promotion of lactation, such as early mother-infant contact, on-demand feedings and early initiation of breastfeeding may be difficult to implement in the care of LBW and VLBW infants. These infants often portray poor sucking behaviors, which play a significant role in milk transfer and subsequently the production of milk. o initiate and sustain lactation, mothers of LBW and VLBW infants must often mechanically express their milk for several days or weeks before the infant can suckle at breast, recommend pumping at least 8 times in 24 hours if feeding at breast cannot occur. Ingales ( 2000) based on his study reported that breastfeeding of course, has an ancient biologic basis an d is still the most universally recommended way of providing an infant with nourishment. A mother should carefully consider the advantages of breastfeeding when deciding how she will feed her infant. A father who is supportive of breastfeeding will influence the mother’s success. Therefore, he should also be given information regarding the advantages of breastfeeding. She states that: â€Å"Putting the baby to breast contributes to the mother’s well-being in that the stimulation of the infant’s nursing causes the recently emptied uterus to contract and helps in the return of this organ to its proper size and position, a process called involution. A further benefit is the relaxing effect that prolactin, the milk-producing hormone. has on the mother†. Many investigators believed that the baby receives certain immune factors through the breastmilk that help protect the baby against diseases to which the mother may have been previously exposed. It is agreed that as a general rule breast-fed babies have fewer respiratory tract infections and alimentary tract disturbances. Certainly, when environmental hygiene is poor, breastfeeding is preferred over the great possibility of contaminated artificially prepared feeding because breastmilk is normally sterile. The observation that cow’s milk was first designed for calves, whereas mother’s milk is specifically designed for babies, is indisputable. he curd of human milk is softer than that of cow’s milk and is easier for a baby to digest. Breastfed babies have fewer allergy problems. No prolonged preparation time is necessary, and in the long run, successful nursing is less expensive. Obesity is seen less often in children who have been breastfed. If the mother nurses h er baby, the return of menstruation may be delayed until several weeks after weaning, but nursing is no guarantee that pregnancy will not occur. However, the nursing mother may experience such a sense of closeness to her baby, fulfillment, and motherliness that this becomes the primary reason she continues to nurse. Olds (2001) discussed that it is important to teach the mother comfortable positions for feeding her infant and to coach the parents in their responses to their newborn’s cues as needed. Before feeding, the mother should be made as comfortable as possible. Preparations may include voiding, washing her hands, and assuming a position of comfort. Rooming-in offers spontaneous, frequent encounters for the family and provides opportunities to practice handling skills, thereby increasing confidence in care after discharge. It also encourages feeding in response to cues from the baby, rather than feeding by a fixed schedule. The best preparation for maintaining lactation after return to work is frequent, unlimited breastfeeding and enjoying the baby. Rosdahi (2000) reported that because it is so widely recognized that breastfeeding is the best nutrition for human infants, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have launched a Baby-Friendly Hospital initiative. This initiative suggests ten steps that, if adapted by all hospitals, would create an atmosphere conducive to breastfeeding success as follows: Establish a written policy supporting breastfeeding that is routinely communicated to all health care personnel. Educate all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding. Help women initiate breastfeeding within half and an hour of birth. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from the infant. Give newb orn infants no food or drink other than breastmilk unless medically indicated. Practice rooming-in (i. e. allow mothers and infants to remain together) 24 hours a day. Encourage breastfeeding on demand. Give no pacifiers to breastfeeding infants. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from delivery center or hospital. Breastmilk provides numerous health benefits to both the mother and infant: a) breastfeeding may serve as a protective function in preventing breast cancer, b) the release of oxytoxin from the posterior pituitary aids uterine involution; and, c) successful breastfeeding can have an empowering effect because it is a skill only women can master. Breastmilk contains secretors immunoglobulin A (IgA), which binds large molecules of foreign protein, including viruses and bacteria, and keeps them from being absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract of the infant. Pilliteri (2006) discussed: as the average post-partal hospital stay ranges for only 1 to 2 days, a mother has very little time to become acquainted with her newborn before going home. If the infant says in the room with her (rooming-in) rather than in a central nursery, she can become better acquainted with her child and begin to feel more confident in her ability to care for him or her after discharge. She revealed that: â€Å"Not only does rooming-in allow mother-child and father-child relationships to develop rapidly, but a couple also tends to retain anticipatory guidance and instructions in newborn care better because a nurse demonstrated bathing, feeding, changing and so forth on the child. † Sizer (2001) revealed that as the time of childbirth nears, a woman must decide whether she will feed her baby with breastmilk or formula. Before she makes her choice, she should be aware of the things about breastfeeding. She discussed why breastmilk is good for babies: Breastmilk is tailor-made to meet the nutrient needs of the human infant, its carbohydrate is lactose, and its fat provides a generous portion of the essential omega, fatty acid, linoleic acid and its products. In addition, a mother who consumes food in omega-3 fatty acids will pass these beneficial nutrients on to her child through breastmilk†. The protein of breastmilk is especially digestible and useful to infant growth. Breastmilk contains fat-digesting enzymes that help ensure efficient absorption by the infant. Breastmilk also conveys information to the infants about its environment by way of antibodies, whole proteins, and other constituents. According to Florence Murphy, Breast Feeding Your New Baby (January 6, 2006). Breastfeeding is Natural. Babies need to eat often, every 90 minutes to two hours. Feed your baby when she begins to show signs of hunger, such as rooting or sucking on her lips, fingers or fist. Try to feed her before she cries. Feeding your baby often won’t spoil her. It will help you learn to become more aware of your baby’s needs. Don’t limit feeding times. Babies need different amounts of food at different times of the day, just as grown people do. Breastfeeding is natural, but it takes a little time for babies and mothers to learn what works best for them. You may have sore nipples when you first start breastfeeding. The pain can be reduced if your baby is held properly when attached to the breast. Jernstorm, H. says â€Å"Breast-feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers mutation carriers. â€Å"J National Cancer Institutes 2004, have shown that women who breastfeed have lower risks of developing breast cancer. Recently, data from 47 studies in 30 countries was re-examined. The group concluded that the incidence of breast cancer in developed countries could be reduced by more than half if women had the number of births and lifetime duration of breastfeeding that have been common in developing countries until recently. According to the analysis, breastfeeding could account for almost two-thirds of this estimated reduction in breast cancer incidence. According to Young, T. K. et al. Type two Diabetes Mellitus in Children, Arch Pediatric Adolescence Medical Book 2002. There are many studies linking development of insulin dependent Type one diabetes (formerly referred to as â€Å"juvenile diabetes†) to lack of breastfeeding. The result of a study from Finland suggest that the introduction of dairy products at an early age, and high milk consumption during childhood increase the level of cow’s milk antibodies in the children’s systems. This factor is associated with an increased risk of insulin dependent diabetes. Now a new study has indicated that breastfeeding in infancy may help reduce the risk of Type two diabetes. This sort of diabetes was formerly referred to as â€Å"adult onset† diabetes, but has been mysteriously occurring in more and more youngsters. According to Beltran â€Å"Ecological Study of Effect of breastfeeding on infant mortality in Lantin America. â€Å" Br Med J 2001, Numerous studies have shown that diarrheal infections are much more common in formula-fed babies. This is true throughout the world, despite a common misconception that only people living in areas with contaminated water need be concerned with this issue. Such infections are more likely to be fatal in developing nations, but all formula –fed infants are at greater risk that their breastfed peers. According to Oddy, WH (2003), â€Å"Brest feeding and respiratory morbidity in infancy: a birth cohort study† Archives of Disease in childhood 2003, Breastfeeding effectively protects nursling from amny life-threatening respiratory infections including those caused by rotaviruses. Studies have shown breastfed babies are less than half likely to be hospitalized with pneumonia or bronchitis, and have one-fifth the number of lower respiratory tract infections compared to formula-fed infants. According to the meta-analysis of studies from developed countries, the risk of severe respiratory tract illness resulting in hospitalization is more than tripled among infants who are not breastfed, compared with those who are exclusively breastfed for four months. According to Updegrove, K â€Å"Necrotizing Enteroclolitis. The evidence for use of milk in prevention and treatment. † J Hum Lact 2004, This disease occurs most commonly in premature or sick newborns. In NEC the lining of the intestinal wall dies and sloughs off. Premature infants fed their own mother’s milk or banked human milk are one sixth to one tenth as likely to develop NEC. One of the Australian study estimated that 83% of NEC cases may be attributed to lack of breastfeeding. The article of Martin RM â€Å"Does Breast-Feeding in Infancy Lower Blood Pressure in Childhood? †. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005, a 2004 study of 4763 British children showed that 7. 5 years later, those who were breastfed as infant had lower blood pressure compared with those who were never breastfed. In another new study from the U. K. a small but important reduction in adult diastolic blood pressure is associated with having been breastfed as an infant. Foreign Studies Marandi (2000) conducted a study about the reasons for early weaning among mothers in Tehran. He interviewed 900 mothers using a systematic randomized sampling method. a total of 15 percent of the mothers were illiterate, 93 percent were housewives and 97 percent had given birth in hospitals. Only 39 percent of the newborns benefited from rooming-in facilities in hospital, and 68 percent were bottlefed while still in hospital. In 3. 1 percent of cases the mother had not breastfed her newborn at all. Of those who had breastfed their infant, 38 percent used only their own milk, whereas 62 percent used a combination of breastmilk and infant formula. The median duration of breastfeeding was 16 months (mean, 14 months). a total of 74 percent of mothers who used supplementary formula and 39 percent of those who had completely stopped breastfeeding blamed milk insufficiency, although 67 percent of these mothers had reached this conclusion only because their infants cried or were irritable. The study revealed that the following factors had their negative influence on the duration of breastfeeding use of supplementary formula and of estrogen-containing contraceptives; fathers with high incomes; and mothers with a high educational level. In contrast, the mother’s religious motive to breastfeed and her insistence on breastfeeding had a positive impact. Unfortunately, 21 percent of the mothers started using supplementary formula during the first month postpartum and two-thirds before the end of the fourth month. Every month that bottle feeding was started prematurely shortened the duration of breastfeeding by 20 days. On the average breastfeeding was initiated 42. 5 hours postpartum and for more than 70 percent of mothers who breastfed, 20 hours or more after delivery. According to Jenny Sigler of Pregnancy and Parenting Writer of Breastfeeding: Seven Things You Might Not Know (2006). Breastfeeding is the perfect for the growing baby, full of nutrients, antibodies, and a perfect balance of fat and calories. Nursing can also be a rewarding and healthy experience from mom too. Here are seven other facts that you may not have heard about breastfeeding, including its benefits, complications, and protective laws: Fact # 1: Breastfeeding may reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. Fact # 2: Your breast size has nothing to do with the amount of milk you can produce. Fact #3: Nursing mothers are protected by United States Laws. Fact #4: Breastfeeding can be difficult, even with the best intentions. Fact #5: Your baby can smell the unique sent of your breast milk. Fact #6: Your breasts will be ultra sensitive and responsive. Fact #7: The inability to produce enough milk for your baby is rare. According to The Breastfeeding Book, Copyright 2000, M. Sears, R. N. and Wm. Sears, Nursing mothers often joke about falling asleep on the job. The sleep inducing qualities of nursing a baby are remarkable. Infact, some new mothers have to be careful to hold a nursing baby in such away that they will not drop the child when they inevitably nod off. Nursing in bed is a great solution. Even pumping at work can be a great way to calm down and get refocused during a stressful day. All this relaxation is caused by the hormone oxytocin, which is released each time a mother breastfeeds. It decreases blood pressure and calms the mother. Interestingly, one study found that there were far fewer incidences of domestic violence and sexual abuse in breastfeeding families. According to A. A. P. Breastfeeding Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk Pediatrics Vol. 115 No,2 February 2005, â€Å"Human milk is species-specific, and all substitute feeding preparations differ markedly from it, making human milk uniquely superior for infant feeding. Exclusive breastfeeding is the reference or normative model against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and all other short- and long-term outcomes. In addition, human milk-fed premature infants receive significant benefits with respect to host protection and improved developmental outcomes compared with formula-fed premature infants. Pediatricians and parents should be aware that exclusive breastfeeding is sufficient to support optimal growth and development for approximately the first 6 months of life and provides continuing protection against diarrhea and respiratory tract infection. Breastfeeding should be continued for at least the first year of life and beyond for as long as mutually desired by mother and child. Martinez (2001) conducted a study on breastfeeding among the urban-poor in southern Brazil which revealed that breastfeeding practices over the first 6 months of life among a cohort of urban poor infants in southern Brazil indicated that the median duration of breastfeeding was 18 weeks, and at 6 months 41 percent of the infants were still being breastfed. The duration of breastfeeding was significantly associated with the following: the infant’s sex, mother’s color, type of first fed, timing of the first breastfed, breastfeeding regimen and frequency of breastfeeding at 1 month, and the use of hormonal contraceptives by the mother. Dissatisfaction with their infant’s growth rate was the most frequent reason given by mothers for supplementing the diets of infants who were exclusively breastfed in the first 3 months of life. also, the mother’s perception that their milk output was inadequate was the most frequent reason expressed for stopping breastfeeding in the first 4 months. The role sof health services and family support in providing favorable conditions for increasing the duration of breastfeeding in the study population are discussed, as well as the possibility of bias being introduced into studies of the relationship between infant feeding and growth by the effect of the infant’s rate of growth on the mother’s decision to continue breastfeeding. Cousens (2000) findings revealed that either prolonged breastfeeding may offer substantial protection against clinical malnutrition in the study population or malnutrition leads mothers to stop breastfeeding. These results are inconsistent with those of a number of workers who have reported that prolonged breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk of malnutrition. This inconsistency might have arisen because of differences in the definition of malnutrition used or because of variations in the quantity and quality of weaning foods available in different settings. They found no evidence to support the hypothesis that prolonged breastfeeding may be detrimental to children. Local Literature Breastfeeding researches done by Filipino health workers especially pediatricians reveal certain findings about acceptance or compliance of mothers in the breastfeeding program. One study by Dr. Hyglia Beyer in Celestino Gallares Memorial Hospital 2003, revealed that the initiation of breastfeeding by itself does not assure continuance of good breastfeeding practices and that hospital based efforts may need to be complimented with community based initiative where nurses can help a lot to sustain desirable feeding practice. According to the study of Dr. Gloria Baens-Ramirez, et. al. (2000), early education on advantages of breast milk versus commercial milk is contributory to improved degree of compliance. â€Å"Kangaroo Care at PCMC† by Dr. Ramirez and Company (2001) further revealed that those who practice Kangaroo Care feel more confident in handling tiny premature babies at home since parental participation was maximized early in the management of newborns. This technique according to the study encourages parents to breastfeed their babies for longer period of time. In another study presented by Dr. Cristina Vince-Cruz (2002), cultures of milk samples show that bacterial growths were higher in milk formulas (artificial or commercial) compared to breast milk by 48 hours incubation. â€Å"Alay Gatas Community Project† presented by Dr. Ramirez in August 3, 2001 Convention of Breastfeeding in the Department of Health, Convention Hall was conceived and being implemented in cooperation with selected barangays with the primary purpose of â€Å"raising the community consciousness regarding the nursing mother’s important role in promoting the children’s health and nutrition, ultimately shaping the nations future†. According to Department of Health (DOH), on June 2001, World Health Organization and United Children Emergency Fund jointly launched a global effort known as Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to accelerate the promotion and protection of breastfeeding. The BFHI is a major initiative to transform maternity facilities and hospitals, worldwide, into supportive environments where women will find more guidance and encouragement to initiate breastfeeding successfully. BFHI aims to protect the lives and futures of millions of infants by making breastfeeding a universally supported practice in maternity facilities and hospitals around the world. The minimum criteria for any maternity care facility to be recognized as baby-friendly by international WHO/UNICEF standards is implementation of all Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. In the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) has launched an aggressive BFHI programme targeting all regional hospitals and medical centers and provincial hospitals in priority provinces to become baby-friendly by 1992 and still mitigating at year 2000. To fully implement the BFHI programmed, the DOH has create an Advisory Committee and a Task Force for the BFHI. The Secretary of Health chairs the Advisory Committee and the members include DOH undersecretaries for Hospitals and Facility Services and for Public Health Services, the UNICEF Representative, the WHO Country Representative and representatives from the Philippine Hospital Association, the Philippine Pediatric Society and the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. The current problem of the Philippines in the breastfeeding program is the fact that more and more Filipino mothers are not breastfeeding early enough nor long enough to meet the needs of their infant for good health. Lots of child health problems like diarrhea and pneumonia, allergies, malnutrition and other risks of intellectual, psychological and emotional nature have been observed. According to Dr. Elvira SN. Barrios, (DOH, 2000), a major concern in the Philippines are hospital obstetricians’ and pediatricians’ practices that undermine successful breastfeeding like giving of â€Å"prelacteals† of sugared water and non-rooming-in of mother and baby. The Milk Code or E. O. 51 known as Philippine Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (DOH, 1988), is the solution to the aforementioned problems. The code aims to contribute to the provision of safe and adequate nutrition of infants by protection and promotion of breastfeeding and ensuring the use of breast milk substitutes and supplements when necessary. The code also calls for intensifying of dissemination of information on breastfeeding and proper nutrition as well as the regulation of advertising, marketing and distribution of breast milk substitutes and other related products including bottles and tests. Reported studies by Dr. Perla D. Santos-Ocampo (2000), reveals that for a period of twenty (20) years rural group of mothers showed more consistency and had generally higher percentages. Urbanization caused the decline in breastfeeding and duration was shorter among the educated and working women. Angara, author of the Rooming in and Breastfeeding Act 1992. He said studies have shown that mother’s milk contains specific nutrients and antibodies which protect babies from illnesses. The 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey indicated that 13 percent of the infants were never breastfed, making the Philippines the lowest country with breastfeeding rate among 56 countries that have conducted a DHS in the past 10 years. It also showed that 39 percent of infants used infant formula milk in their first 12 month of life. During the orientation seminar on infant and young child feeding strategy held recently at the Manila Hotel, President Macapagal-Arroyo instructed the Department of Health to implement the rooming in and breastfeeding act in coordination with local government units to build breastfeeding support mechanisms in communities. Local Studies Garcia et. al. (2000) found out in their study that among children less than four months only 4. 3 percent were given breast milk exclusively. At the time of the interview, 173 of the mothers had stopped breastfeeding altogether. Focus group discussions among mothers who practiced exclusive breastfeeding showed that the mothers were advised by the attending physician/obstetrician and were convinced about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. On the other hand, mothers who did not practice exclusive breastfeeding believed that water is essential to a child who is breastfeed, in addition, mothers who stopped breastfeeding or who gave other milk in addition to breastmilk believed that their milk was inadequate to meet the child’s needs. The results of the study showed that: Initiation of breastfeeding by itself does not assure continuance of good breastfeeding practices and that hospital-based efforts may need to be complimented with community- based initiatives to sustain desirable feeding practices. Agapito, et. al. (2001) found out in their study that an infant feeding intervention project to promote breastfeeding and improved weaning practices among low-income mothers in Muntinlupa was designed. Baseline studies were conducted to document and quantify the problems of malnutrition and poor infant feeding practices and to document the determinants thereof especially at the household level. Monthly proportions showed the decline of exclusive breastfeeding without milk or liquids from 34. 7 percent at 1 month to 14 percent at 4 months. 40% were still breastfeeding at 12 months. Multivariate analysis showed that infant with the following characteristics would spend less time exclusively breastfeeding during the first 4 months of life: 1) infants given artificial milk during the first 48 hours; 2) infants who had a diarrhea episode during the first 4 months; 3) infants who had a working mother (such as for mothers doing informal work and for mothers doing formal work; 4) born outside a government facility (such as for those born at home and for those born in other medical facilities; and, 5) born in households with more time exclusively breastfed. The duration of breastfeeding was determined by the kind of mild feeding during the first 48 hours (infants given artificial milk at this time ran a risk of stopping breastfeeding much earlier compared to those who did not receive artificial milk), the maternal work status, (if the infant’s mother worked in the formal sector, her risk of stopping breastfeeding was 1. 9 times higher compared to those whose mother was not working and the infant’s birth rank (the risk of stopping breastfeeding increases 1. 1 times for every increase in birth rank). Lapid, et. l (2002), this study, showed that growth failure and subsequent protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in young children constitute a significant public health problem in many developing countries including the Philippines. almost all studies documenting growth retardation in deprived communities indicate that it begins in the first two or three years of life. In many developing countries, the period when growth faltering is almost pronounced coincides with the weaning process – a time when the nourishment of the infant progressively transfers from breastmilk as the sole source of nourishment to the usual family diet. Cross-cultural studies of infant feeding document wide cultural variation in practices and beliefs. Breastfeeding was frequently mentioned, but, if the mother was sick or tired, breastmilk was avoided because mothers believed their children would â€Å"suck† their illness or tiredness. Giving branded or commercial milk formula like Bonna and Bear Brand was positively perceived by mothers. Baldago and Barlie (2000) revelied in their study that an alarming decline in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in the Philippines has been noted, particularly in urban areas. This has been attributed to difficulties caused by lack of support from close relatives, delivering the baby in a hospital and the pressures of modern urban life. A study aimed to obtain a reliable and objective picture of current infant-feeding practices, with special reference to breastfeeding, in various parts of the world was conducted by world Health Organization. Data was collected by national investigators from families living in economically advantaged urban area, urban-poor areas and rural areas with a traditional way of life. If showed a large proportion of mothers and five times higher than Swedish mothers. The proportion among the urban-poor mother is also higher than either Hungary or Sweden. Breastfeeding is facilitated and sustained by the rooming-in policy which has been found beneficial because it provides the breastfeeding problems and allowed less work for the ward staff as it enables them to care for both mother and baby in one setting. The same setting also allowed health teachings, especially to first time mothers, how to properly breastfeed and care for the newborns. Gonzales (2002) reported that for mother and child, every healthy love affair eventually grows while the fetus is still in the womb but breastfeeding fosters more and loving relationship between mother and baby. It brings to mother a unique and intimate contact with her child, its way of looking, its smell and is response all evoke maternal behavior and reinforce her developing feelings of motherhood. As the baby grows, breastfeeding proves rewarding and deeply satisfying for the mothers. It is quite simply but certainly, breastfeeding is now an endangered practice around the world. Babies are being born into unfriendly environments, victims of widespread poverty, rapid urbanization and relentless marketing of breastmilk substitutes. Baby-Friendly Hospital â€Å"rooms-in† newborn babies with their mothers immediately after birth to make sure that breastfeeding and mother-child bonding are immediately established. Rooming-in provides immediate contact between the mother and newborn. After the first feeding of the baby, the mother is brought to the ward while the newborn is washed, after which the baby is brought to her mother. This rooming-in insures that the mother will be able to breastfeed. This rooming-in policy insures that the mother will be able to breastfeed. Really there is no substitute for a mother’s milk. Tacio (2001) reported â€Å"Human milk, according to the United Nations health agency, is more than a simple collection of nutrines. † It explains: â€Å"Mother’s milk is a living substance of great biological complexity that not only provides unique protection against disease, but also stimulates the baby’s own immune system†. But despite the benefits derived from breastfeeding, the practice keeps on declining in many countries. UNICEF reports that breastfeeding is now an endangered practice – not only in developed countries but in developing countries as well. He revealed that if only all mothers breastfed their newborns, the world would save some US $16 billion annually. This is the amount mothers spend to feed babies with infant formulas. annual expenditures for the importation of breastmilk substitutes is estimated at US #29 million each in Thailand, the Philippines, Columbia and Ethiopia, $50 million in Nigeria and $70 million in Brazil. In February, 1992, the first found assessment of hospitals was conducted by the DOH and UNICEF using the global BFHI Hospital Assessment Criteria. Last June 10-120, 1992, the second round assessment was conducted and results shown eighteen hospitals baby-friendly and three hospitals to be given certificates of commitment. Leyba (2000) conducted a study on the implementation of breastfeeding in rural and urban areas revealed that breastfeeding implementation is declining nowadays since it has only an average percentage of 34. 16 percent both in rural and urban areas. It did not even each the 50 percent or more. Breastfeeding method assumed greatest importance among the depressed rural families since they cannot afford much to buy those marketed formula milk and they still believe on the traditional practices. Urban poor families implement more the bottlefeeding and the combine method since they need to work for a source of living. rural communities highly implement breastfeeding while urban communities prefer the bottlefeeding or combine method. Modernization and urbanization affect the progress in breastfeeding implementation. Most educated mothers implement the partial breastfeeding and bottlefeeding because they want to participate most actively in the modernization process and are most anxious to identify themselves with modern lifestyle. WVI’s Dr. Ram (http:www/medoserver. com/may2000/devcore. html) mentioned several reasons why breastfeeding is on decline around the world. He cites: Intensive and aggressive promotion of artificial feeding by the formula industry; Ill-formation among health-care workers; Women’s lack of self-confidence and lack of information about breastfeeding; Emergence of feeding bottles as a status symbol; and Giving out of free samples of infant formula to hospitals and maternities. As presented in the International Herald Tribune – Asia Pacific by Carlos Conde (July 17, 2007), in the Philippines, the proportion of babies who were exclusively fed on breast milk in their fi rst six months dropped from 20 percent in 1998 to 16 percent in 2003. Throughout Southeast Asia, only 61 ercent of women breast-fed their babies up to four months and 35 percent to six months, according to the World Health Organization, or WHO. Other health officials are concerned that, while infant mortality rates remain high, the benefits of breast milk, such as enhanced immunity for the child, are being lost. To encourage breastfeeding, the Philippine government enacted a Milk code in 1986 that regulates the marketing formula. The code bans advertisements and other promotional activities for formula intended for babies up to 2 year old. Last year, the Philippine Department of Health, concerned about the steady decline in breast-feeding and arguing that formula companies had been violating marketing regulations, revised the code, extending the promotion ban to milk substitutes fro children up to 2 years old Synthesis of the Study According to the Department of Health (DOH), the World Health Organization and the United Children Emergency Fund jointly launched global efforts known as Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to accelerate the promotion and protection of breastfeeding. The BFHI is a major initiative to transform maternity facilities and hospitals, worldwide, into supportive environments where women will find more guidance and encouragement to initiate breastfeeding successfully. The minimum criteria for any maternity care facility to be recognized as baby-friendly by international WHO/UNICEF standards is implementation of all Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. In the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) has launched an aggressive BFHI programme targeting all regional hospitals and medical centers and provincial hospitals in priority provinces to become baby-friendly. Breastfeeding is facilitated and sustained by the rooming-in policy which has been found beneficial because it provides the early identification of breast feeding problems and allowed less work for the ward staff as it enables them to care for both mother and baby in one setting. The same setting also allowed health teachings, especially to first time mothers how to properly breastfeed and care for the newborns. Rooming-in offers spontaneous, frequent encounters for the family and provides opportunities to practice handling skills, thereby increasing confidence in care after discharge. It also encourages feeding in response to cues from baby, rather than feeding by a fixed schedule. Rooming-in provides immediate contact between the mother and newborn. Baby-Friendly Hospitals â€Å"room-in† new born babies with their mothers immediately after birth to make sure that breastfeeding and mother-child bonding are immediately established. After the first feeding of the baby, the mother is brought to the ward while the newborn is washed, after which the baby is brought to her mother. The average post-partal hospital stays ranges for only 1 to 2 days, Pilliteri discusses that a mother has very little time to become acquainted with her newborn before going home. If the infant stays in the room with her (rooming-in) rather than in a central nursery, she can become better acquainted with her child and begin to feel more confident in her ability to care for him or her after discharge. She revealed that not only does rooming-in allow mother-child and father-child relationships to develop rapidly, but a couple also tends to retain anticipatory guidance and instructions in newborn care better because a nurse demonstrated bathing, feeding, changing and so forth on the child. Rosdahi reports ten steps suggested by the BFHI aiming to create an atmosphere conducive to breastfeeding success. It is as follows: (1) establish a written policy supporting breastfeeding that is routinely communicated to all health care personnel; (2) educate all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy; (3) inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breast feeding; (4) help women initiate breastfeeding within half and an hour of birth; (5) show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from the infant; (6) give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk unless medically indicated; (7) practice rooming-in (i. . allow mothers and infants to remain together) 24 hours a day; (8) encourage breast feeding on demand; (9) give no pacifiers to breastfeeding infants; (10) foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from delivery center or hospital. Therefore the need to evaluate nurses in the Philippine National Police General Hospital whether they are non uniformed police nurses or uniformed police officer nurses in compliance with breastfeeding program of government is hereby significant. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter deals with methods utilized, the data-gathering tools for data collection, the subjects of the study and the statistical treatment of data collected. Research Design The researcher utilized the descriptive-normative survey define as to describe the degree of breastfeeding program being implemented in the particular obstetrical departments of the selected government hospital. The specially prepared and pre-tested checklist was utilized to gather data to determine the factors that influence the increase and decrease in compliance to the Breastfeeding Program through the direct supervision by professional nurses in all levels. Locale and Population The research respondents in assessing the breast feeding after delivery as implemented by the non uniformed police and uniformed police officer nurses of Philippine National Police General Hospital, are ten (10) non uniformed police and ten (10) uniformed police officer ob gyne and neonatal care unit nurses assign in the obstetrical ward randomly selected from Philippine National Police General Hospital in Camp Rafael Crame, Quezon City. Validation of Questionnaire An adviser was also consulted and follows the advised mentioned by the expert. The prepared checklist administered to the three (3) non uniformed and three (3) uniformed police officer nurses assigned previously in the obstetrical wards. After finding the needed improvement the final questionnaire was submitted to the adviser for final checking. The respondents of the trial survey was not included in the tabulation of data. Data Gathering After making and improving the questionnaire, a letter of request from the researcher with the permission of the adviser presented in the nursing service of Philippine National Police General Hospital for approval. The researcher conducts a survey to the required respondents and retrieved it after. Instrument Used The researcher collected data from the list of nurses from nursing office who were assigned on the particular area, followed by randomly selecting the non uniformed and uniformed nurses as respondents, then answering the questions by utilizing a carefully formulated checklist based on the Department of Health’s Standards of the Breastfeeding Program. Statistical Treatment of Data Descriptive statistics was employed in treating the data gathered by the researcher. The relative frequency and percentage that a specific data represents were computed to achieve the most accurate interpretation of the data. For the purpose of interpreting the mean results on perceptions and effects the reference table below was used: Five Point Rating Scale WEIGHT MEAN RANGEVERBAL INTERPRETATION 54. 20 5. 00Highest Compliance 43. 40 4. 19Very High Compliance 32. 60 3. 39Moderate Compliance 21. 80 2. 59Low Compliance 11. 00 1. 79Zero Compliance The following are the formula used in this study: 1. Percentage. In computing for the percentage, the researcher will use the formula: here: P = representing the percentage F = representing the frequency N = representing the total number of respondents 2. Weighted Mean. This will be used to evaluate for the mean perception. Weighted Mean = where: x  ¬- number of cases in consideration W the assigned weights ? the symbol which indicates summation operation 3. T-test. This will be used to test for a significant †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. t = where: X1 = means of 1st group X2 = means of 2nd group n1 = Number of sample of 1st group n2 = Number of sample of 2nd group s1 = Standard deviation of 1st group s2 = Standard deviation of 2nd group . Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents the data collected, including analysis and interpretation. 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents Table1 Profile of the Respondents PROFILENON-UNIFORMED NURSESPNP NURSES AgeFrequency%Frequency% 46-Above22000 41-4522000 36-40440220 31-35110770 34-3000110 21-251100 0 Gender Male11000 Female99010100 Civil Status Single330330 Married770770 Widow00 0 0 Religion RC880880 INC220220 Born Again00 00 Jehovah’s Witness00 0 0 Educational Attainment BS in Nursing550660 With 18 units MAN110110 With 30 units MAN110 0 0 MAN330330 Doctorate Degree00 Length of Service More than 9 years660550 7 9110220 4 6220110 1 3110110 Less than 1 year00110 Ethnic Origin Luzon990880 Visayas00110 Mindanao110110 Table 1 shows the different demographic profile (age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, length of service and ethnic origin) of the two groups of respondents which are the non uniform personnel (civilian nurses) and uniform police officer nurses in Philippine National Police General Hospital. When the non uniform personnel respondents are grouped according to age, the age bracket 36-40 has the most number of frequencies with four (4) or 40%. Age brackets 46 and above and 41-45 both has an equal number of frequency which is two (2) or 20%. Also age brackets 31-35 and 21-25 has also the same number of frequency which is one (1) or 10%. For the PNP nurses, majority or 70% of the respondents are ages 31-35, 20% are ages 36-40 while there is only one respondent whose age belong to the 34-30 age bracket. About ninety percent or nine (9) out of the ten (10) non-uniform police are female, while all the respondents in the PNP nurses are female. It can be noted that majority of the respondents in this study are female. In terms of civil status, both the non-uniform police and PNP nurses have the same number of single and married respondents which are three (3) and seven (7) respectively. When grouped according to religion, both the non-uniform police and PNP nurses have also the same number of Roman Catholic and Iglesia ni Cristo respondents which are two (2) and eight (8) respectively. In terms of educational attainment, 50% of the non-uniform police have a bachelor degree in Nursing. 30% have already finished their Masters Degree while there is one respondent each for the categories with 18 units MAN and with 30 units MAN. For the PNP nurses. 0% have bachelor degree in Nursing while there are three (3) or 30% have already finished their Master Degree. When grouped according to length of service, majority or 60% of the respondents from the non-uniform police have more than 9 years of service, 20% belong to the 4-6 bracket and both 10% for the 7-9 and 1-3 years of service. Half or 50% of PNP nurses have more than 9 years of service, 20% belong to the 7-9 bracket and 10% belong to the 4-6, 1-3 and less than a year bracket. It can be noted that majority of the respondents, both from the non-uniform police and the PNP nurses, are from Luzon having a 90% and 80% respectively. . Degree of Compliance to the Breast Feeding Program (BFP) Table 2 Degree of Compliance to the Breast Feeding Program (BFP) In Terms of Rooming-in Procedure Breast Feeding Program Rooming in ProcedureNon-uniform PolicePNP Nurses WMVIWMVI All well babies shall be breastfed immediately after 2nd stage of labor4. 50Highest Compliance3. 90Very High Compliance All born vaginally without complication roomed in 1 hour after delivery(except when sick)4. 80Highest Compliance4. 30Very High Compliance All born by Cesarean Section without complications roomed in within 4-6 hours after delivery4. 70Highest Compliance3. 0Very High Compliance All roomed in babies breastfed for complicated births rooming-in as soon as medic al condition allow. 4. 40Highest Compliance4. 30Highest Compliance AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN4. 60Highest Compliance4. 08Very High Compliance Table 2 reveals the degree of compliance to the breast feeding program (BFP) in terms of rooming-in procedure. It can be noted that the Non-uniform police have the highest compliance in all the aspect in this category. To name a few, they roomed in 1 hour after all born vaginally without complication after delivery (except when sick), with a weighted mean of 4. 80 the highest in this category. They also have the highest compliance in the practice that all born by cesarean section without complications must be roomed in within 4-6 hours after delivery. The PNP nurse have highest compliance in breastfeeding all roomed in babies for complicated births rooming-in as soon as medical condition allow with weighted mean of 4. 30. They also have a very high compliance in the practice that all born by cesarean section without complications must be roomed in within 4-6 hours after delivery. Table 3 Degree of Compliance to the Breast Feeding Program (BFP) In Terms of Feeding Technique Breast Feeding Program Feeding Technique for Low Birth Weight (LBW) Sick NeonatesNon-uniform PolicePNP Nurses WMVIWMVI 1. ) Pre-terms (22-36 weeks) tube feed immediately with colostrums3. 50Very High Compliance3. 70Very High Compliance 2. ) Asphyxiated infants cannot be fed 24-26 hours and with other complications 2. 1) feed colostrums by tube3. 40Very High Compliance3. 80Very High Compliance 2. 2) oral feeding instituted after critical period3. 70Very High Compliance3. 70Very High Compliance 3. ) Hyperbilirubinemia 3. 1) continue expressed breast milk (EBM) by tube or breastfed at NICU4. 40Highest Compliance4. 10Very High Compliance 3. ) discourage formula supplements4. 40Highest Compliance4. 50Highest Compliance 4. ) Acute illness as fever, URI, diarrhea 4. 1) continue breastfeeding4. 40Highest Compliance4. 00Very High Compliance 4. 2) breastfeeding during maternal illness/certain maternal conditions3. 10Moderate Compliance3. 40Very High Compliance 5. ) Common breast problems- breast engorgement/sore nip ples 5. 1) continue frequent breastfeeding round the clock3. 50Very High Compliance3. 50Very High Compliance 5. 2) mothers with mild to moderate medical problems as in diabetes/malaria/heart disease and other3. 00Moderate Compliance3. 40Very High Compliance 5. ) give EBM by cup for mothers who have several illnesses like eclampsia3. 10Moderate Compliance3. 50Very High Compliance 5. 4) select drugs/other medications not contraindicate in breastfeeding. 4. 10Very High Compliance4. 40Highest Compliance AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN3. 69Very High Compliance3. 82Very High Compliance Table 3 shows the degree of compliance to the brea